Portable Document Format - Wikipedia. The Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format used to present documents in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems. In those early years before the rise of the World Wide Web and HTML documents, PDF was popular mainly in desktop publishingworkflows. Adobe Systems made the PDF specification available free of charge in 1. PDF was a proprietary format controlled by Adobe, until it was officially released as an open standard on July 1, 2. International Organization for Standardization as ISO 3.

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In 2. 00. 8, Adobe published a Public Patent License to ISO 3. Adobe that are necessary to make, use, sell, and distribute PDF compliant implementations. These proprietary technologies are not standardized and their specification is published only on Adobe’s website. So when organizations publish PDFs which use these proprietary technologies, they present accessibility issues for some users. On July 2. 8, 2. 01. ISO 3. 20. 00- 2 was published by the ISO. It can handle graphics and standard features of programming languages such as if and loop commands.

PDF is largely based on Post. Script but simplified to remove flow control features like these, while graphics commands such as lineto remain.

Often, the Post. Script- like PDF code is generated from a source Post. Script file. The graphics commands that are output by the Post. Script code are collected and tokenized. Any files, graphics, or fonts to which the document refers also are collected. Then, everything is compressed to a single file. Therefore, the entire Post. Script world (fonts, layout, measurements) remains intact.

As a document format, PDF has several advantages over Post. Script: PDF contains tokenized and interpreted results of the Post. Script source code, for direct correspondence between changes to items in the PDF page description and changes to the resulting page appearance.

PDF (from version 1. Post. Script does not.

Post. Script is an interpreted programming language with an implicit global state, so instructions accompanying the description of one page can affect the appearance of any following page. Therefore, all preceding pages in a Post. Script document must be processed to determine the correct appearance of a given page, whereas each page in a PDF document is unaffected by the others. As a result, PDF viewers allow the user to quickly jump to the final pages of a long document, whereas a Post. Script viewer needs to process all pages sequentially before being able to display the destination page (unless the optional Post. Script Document Structuring Conventions have been carefully complied with).

Technical overview. A PDF file starts with a header containing the magic number and the version of the format such as %PDF- 1. Download Adobe Type 1 Fonts Windows on this page.

The format is a subset of a COS (. Comments may contain 8- bit characters. Objects may be either direct (embedded in another object) or indirect. Indirect objects are numbered with an object number and a generation number and defined between the obj and endobj keywords. An index table, also called the cross- reference table and marked with the xref keyword, follows the main body and gives the byte offset of each indirect object from the start of the file.

Beginning with PDF version 1. This technique reduces the size of files that have large numbers of small indirect objects and is especially useful for Tagged PDF. At the end of a PDF file is a trailer introduced with the trailer keyword. It contains. A dictionary. An offset to the start of the cross- reference table (the table starting with the xref keyword)And the %%EOFend- of- file marker. The dictionary contains.

A reference to the root object of the tree structure, also known as the catalog. The count of indirect objects in the cross- reference table.

And other optional information. There are two layouts to the PDF files: non- linear (not . Non- linear PDF files consume less disk space than their linear counterparts, though they are slower to access because portions of the data required to assemble pages of the document are scattered throughout the PDF file.

Linear PDF files (also called . A PDF page description can use a matrix to scale, rotate, or skew graphical elements. A key concept in PDF is that of the graphics state, which is a collection of graphical parameters that may be changed, saved, and restored by a page description. PDF has (as of version 1. Vector graphics. Paths are usually composed of lines and cubic B. Unlike Post. Script, PDF does not allow a single path to mix text outlines with lines and curves. Paths can be stroked, filled, clipping.

Strokes and fills can use any color set in the graphics state, including patterns. PDF supports several types of patterns.

The simplest is the tiling pattern in which a piece of artwork is specified to be drawn repeatedly. This may be a colored tiling pattern, with the colors specified in the pattern object, or an uncolored tiling pattern, which defers color specification to the time the pattern is drawn. Beginning with PDF 1. There are seven types of shading pattern of which the simplest are the axial shade (Type 2) and radial shade (Type 3). Raster images. The dictionary describes properties of the image, and the stream contains the image data. Image filters supported in PDF include the general purpose filters.

ASCII8. 5Decode a filter used to put the stream into 7- bit ASCIIASCIIHex. Decode similar to ASCII8. Decode but less compact. Flate. Decode a commonly used filter based on the deflate algorithm defined in RFC 1. PNG, and zip file formats among others); introduced in PDF 1. Predictor 2 from the TIFF 6. PNG specification (RFC 2.

LZWDecode a filter based on LZW Compression; it can use one of two groups of predictor functions for more compact LZW compression: Predictor 2 from the TIFF 6. PNG specification. Run. Length. Decode a simple compression method for streams with repetitive data using the run- length encoding algorithm and the image- specific filters.

DCTDecode a lossy filter based on the JPEG standard. CCITTFax. Decode a losslessbi- level (black/white) filter based on the Group 3 or Group 4. CCITT (ITU- T) fax compression standard defined in ITU- T T. T. 6. JBIG2. Decode a lossy or lossless bi- level (black/white) filter based on the JBIG2 standard, introduced in PDF 1.

JPXDecode a lossy or lossless filter based on the JPEG 2. PDF 1. 5. Normally all image content in a PDF is embedded in the file. But PDF allows image data to be stored in external files by the use of external streams or Alternate Images. Standardized subsets of PDF, including PDF/A and PDF/X, prohibit these features. Text in PDF is represented by text elements in page content streams. A text element specifies that characters should be drawn at certain positions. The characters are specified using the encoding of a selected font resource.

A font object in PDF is a description of a digital typeface. It may either describe the characteristics of a typeface, or it may include an embedded font file. The latter case is called an embedded font while the former is called an unembedded font. The font files that may be embedded are based on widely used standard digital font formats: Type 1 (and its compressed variant CFF), True.

Type, and (beginning with PDF 1. Open. Type. Additionally PDF supports the Type 3 variant in which the components of the font are described by PDF graphic operators. Standard Type 1 Fonts (Standard 1.

Fonts). However, since Adobe Acrobat version 6, most of these fonts are not guaranteed to be available in the reader, and may only display correctly if the system has them installed. There are a number of predefined encodings, including Win.

Ansi, Mac. Roman, and a large number of encodings for East Asian languages, and a font can have its own built- in encoding. With such fonts it is necessary to provide a To. Unicode table if semantic information about the characters is to be preserved. Transparency. In PDF 1.